E-Learning Using Web Semantic and end-user Programming Techniques

Educational Technology - E-Learning Using Web Semantic and end-user Programming Techniques

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Although there are web modelling accoutrement accessible it still needs ample accomplishment to acclimate these accoutrement for educational use. analysis is bare into conception of Semantic Web models for educators to use in adjustment to actualize learning altar and models. This educational modelling analysis should focus on the conception of a web based ability administration system, and clearing of simple models that are commonly created in spreadsheets to aggregate learning environment.

With the development of technologies beneath the ample agreement of Semantic Web and Web 2.0 there are opportunities to authorize a awful alternate web based learning environment. The constructionist access tocompassionate problems is to fuck about them by modeling them. This access can be acclimated in aggregate with analysis into enabling end-user programming techniques in adjustment to accommodate an ambiance for non programmers to archetypal their problems. Visualisation and alternation accommodate accelerated acknowledgment that gives to Able representation of the ambiance to be modelled.

Many bodies would like to accomplish greater use of computer technology but are bedfast by the charge to amateur programming languages if they are to absolutely collaborate with software. Instead they are bound to the use of assertive appearance that are provided for them. To added coercion is the amount of software, and it is important to advance chargeless software and animate toassociation of end-user developers, and modellers.

The aim should be to actualize a software development ambiance that enables bodies to customise their own software solution. This is an addition to accouterment of software as a accomplished commodity that can't be changed. The e-learning software can be customised after acute programming expertise.

Methodology

A Semantic Web modelling basement could be created to be the base of approaching analysis in learning systems. In adjustment to accomplish these aims it is important to appraise applications that abetment in archetypal architecture and analysis them alarmingly. The arrangement we could be acclimated to advance engineering to agnostic accessible who see the profession as ailing paid anddirty, House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology address science and society [1], and alien from the accessible [2]. The aim of this analysis is to try to accompany the calm areas of E-Learning, end-user Programming and the Semantic Web.

Since Engelbart's Augment [3] there accept been attempts to actualize systems to aid learning. Papert [4] [5] and Smith on the South to advance to Augment analysis and adjustment of animal Computer alternation (HCI) that can be activated to e-learning. These systems were authentic above-mentioned to the Semantic Web. It is important now to check and administer this analysis application Semantic Web/Web 2.0 accoutrement and techniques. Some examples are accessible [6], added advice about the historyof end-user programming is accessible [7].

Mechanisms of Web 2.0 [8] applications accommodate Google web spreadsheets [9]. These applications are accretion in popularity, and can accommodate modelling adequacy over the Web, the use of Web 2.0 for accessible activity is advised in [10]. The advantages of accessible antecedent accord are that as able-bodied as acceptance advisers to co-operate and assignment calm area they allotment an interest; it additionally allows the beginning abeyant to be Developed of those who do not accept an official analysis position. This includes students, bodies active alfresco the bookish's weblog, retired environment bodies and amateurs who accept advantageous expertise. Astronomy, for example, has acclimatized abilities of this absolute assorted ambit ofbodies to accomplish new discoveries. The ability provided by anyone complex can be activated to acknowledgment on usefulness, or affluence of use of software, as able-bodied as absolute captivation in software development. This agency acknowledgment would be approved from users of software alike if they were not software experts. advisers would account the association by accouterment accoutrement online education and for libraries. This is altered from added accessible antecedent communities in that the ambition is to accomplish the software easier to use and develop, and so absorb those who accept not been Able of accommodating ahead in software development.

An E-Learning and Modeling apparatus could accompany calm experts in science, engineering, systemsmodelling, computing, web development, and animal Computer Interaction. In any area there are acceptable to be several advisers analytical to altered allotment of accompanying all-embracing subject, such as web based systems. This agency there is a charge to according researchers, accretion and engineering in a activity to articulation calm assignment on advice administration and visualisation for modelling and accommodation support.

Many bodies who are experts in their area appetite to actualize software models. Scaffidi et al. [11] appearance that advance software best bodies who are end users not Able programmers. End-user programming is decidedly important in this analysis to accomplish it accessible for bodies who do not accept a programming accomplishments to actualizetheir own educational tools. Semantic Web accoutrement and techniques can be acclimated to actualize a web based end-user programming environment, these aims are additionally explained in [12]. bodies can again use this to actualize their own software. This software could acquiesce alternate beheld modelling of information. This corresponds to the blazon of assignment commonly undertaken application spreadsheets for modelling, and web editors for ability management.

Semantic Web/Web 2.0 Tools

The charge is for an addition way of apery these models, which does not crave the user to address code. The apparatus created charge accomplish it activated to collaborate with and change educational models and to allotment advice with others. Such activity canbest use of alteration accoutrement such as wikis [13] [14] [15], blogs, and semantic web editors [16] [17] [18] to acquiesce altercation and account of the models.

There is an burning charge for Semantic Web accoutrement to allegorize the allowances this technology can accommodate for education, ' EASE: The European Association Semantic Web Education' [19] explains this need. Some Semantic Web accoutrement are available, explained by affluence and in the Jena User appointment [20] or actuality Developed at present, but they are still difficult for bodies to accomplish use of as they crave to acceptable accord of development expertise. REASE (the athenaeum of affluence for learning units) [21] provides a way to actualize acquisition and learning abstracts for automated applications of Semantic Web technologies.

The key botheration is enabling a Semantic Web basement that will be the basis for approaching analysis in learning systems. To accomplish this, modelling ambiance needs to be created in adjustment to acquiesce bodies to customise their own models. This ambiance can be created an accessible application accepted accent such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As the aerial akin adaptation this basement would depend on accoutrement Developed in adjustment to the user abetment, accommodate an interface and administer the user interface. This is why accoutrement should be acclimated such as Protégé [13], Amaya [16] [17] [18]. Until XML versions of fresh has been acclimated to represent information, andprogramming languages acclimated for absolute code. Semantic languages such as XML can be activated to software development as able-bodied as advice representation, as they accommodate a college akin allegorical appearance of the problem. Semantic Web techniques should be acclimated because they can facilitate computer based communication. Berners-Lee authentic the Semantic Web as a web of abstracts that can be candy anon or alongside by machines ' [22]. adaptability is capital back altered bodies are not all application the aforementioned systems. To accomplish this adaptability aesthetics languages such as the accessible accepted OWL (Web aesthetics Language) [23] can be used. OWL can be searched application SPARQL [24] because it is based on the RDF (Resource Description Framework)/XML,and can be searched and accessed application XQuery [25] [26] and XForms.

End-user Programming

An end-user programming activity could absorb co-operation with the Institute for End User accretion (IEUC) [27]. added end-user Programming Consortiums are End Users Shaping Effective Software-(EUSES) [28] and Network of Excellence on End-user Development (EUD.Net) [29]. An end-user programming ambiance can accomplish use of ' Transformation ' Program. affairs Transformation allows for autograph in one representation or language, and advice to another. This is decidedly advantageous for accent absolute programming, or for aerial akin end-user programming that can again be translated to calmly accepted to accent added by computer systems. This analysis is afflicted by the accessof constructionism explained in [30] and the use of Logo for teaching [31] [32]. This analysis could be decidedly focused on the web environment, as this is bargain to abutment and allows for broadcast modelling, and learning [30].

Human Computer Interaction

Use of the Semantic Web is to be a agency for accessible accepted representation of learning material, transformation into altered representations as required, and for aerial akin of accouterment to interface as a archetypal apparatus for creation, and adaptation to educational objects. To accomplish this is all important to actualize a translator that converts the allegorical representation of a botheration into e-learning objects. Translations could be performed into anyprogramming or meta-programming accent or accessible accepted advice representation language, the visualisation of the archetypal created could be displayed on the web. A two way amid animal adaptation is bare and computer, and amid altered software environments. This analogue acclimated by Simons and Parmee [33] explains the aim "to affectionate of activity that occurs as two or added altar accept an aftereffect on anniversary other. The absorption of a two-way aftereffect is capital to the absorption of interaction, as against to a one way causal effect ".

This advice action improves opportunities for end-user programming, administration of information and education of both users and computer software. The affinity of educating computer software to do what the user thinksis alleged programming by affirmation in ' Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration "[34]. The user has the role of an drillmaster of the software which acts as an amateur to amateur what is required. Learners are Able to re-acquaint yourself appropriately the software and know affairs solutions, application an adaptive modelling tool. The education is again a two way action of the user learning from computer based software, and the software learning to do what the user requires. In adjustment to credits compassionate of the models and e-learning altar it is capital to visualise them and acquiesce interaction. The visualisation can be depicted in assorted ways. Two examples are: as a timberline (that can be colour coded to represent altered types of information) andas an alternate SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) diagram of a basic to be modelled. SVG is an XML based syntax so can be searched and modelled as such. Examples appearance at timberline based representation of engineering apparatus [35], and how a timberline based representation is adapted into an allegorical representation alternate [36]. Transformations are performed amid a anatomy representation of advice into visualisations and abounding altered software representations. This action converts an abstruse representation of a botheration to accurate archetypal created with the aid of two way advice amid the user and the modelling tool.

Highly alternate web pages that act like programs to accommodate a user interface can be acclimated to accommodate an alternate User DrivenProgramming environment. These alternate web pages can be based on beheld programming languages such as Alice [37]. alternate web programs can additionally be created application scripting languages and XML combinations such as AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML), which is an all-embracing name for techniques to actualize awful alternate web pages. Ajax techniques for alternate conception of abetment computer web models will end-users in community programming tasks on the web [38].

Collaborative Modeling

Huhns [39] and [40] both Paternò explain that alternatives to accepted software development access are required. The charge is to construe from a model-based beheld representation accepted by users to software. Johnson [41] explains that acknowledgedalternation requires mapping amid levels of abstractions and that adaptation amid these absorption levels by appropriate users and computers is difficult. He explains that this botheration generally agency systems are created that accomplish the user cope with the problems of mis-translation. The representation of rules and advice can be illustrated diagrammatically. It is accessible to call algorithms through accurate examples rather than abstractly. Models charge be advised and visualised so that they back to users a representation of a botheration that assists with their eyes of it. This accountable is explored in [42] and is the basis of our visualisation techniques that credits users to actualize and accept models, which are translated into softwarerepresentations.

Conclusion
Advantages of this analysis are:-

-conception of an accessible accepted online e-learning ambiance that is accessible by non-programmers.

-Enabling of conception of e-learning altar by non-programmers.

-Enabling boundless broadcasting and administration of models over the web.

-accouterment of an educational ability for students, scientists, engineers, software developers, arts, and business.

-Increased user captivation in e-learning development to acquiesce accumulation in amount and time taken for this development, and process greater conception and use of educational tools.

-Availability of e-learning models and alternate visualisation of> educational altar abundant added broadly application browser based software.

-Enabling abounding added bodies to program.

-Opening up opportunities to bodies currently alfresco academic education.

This analysis can arch the gap amid computer community bodies and e-learning software creation. This can accord to activated analogy of the allowances end-user programming and Semantic Web techniques could accommodate for e-learning.

References

[1] Select Committee on Science and Technology Third address Chapter 2: accessible Attitudes and Values-Attitudes to engineering 2.39-http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/38/3804.htm.

[2] Canavan B, J, Love D Magill, A Study of the FactorsAffecting Perception of Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) in Young bodies (2002), all-embracing appointment on Engineering Education, August 18-21, 2002, Manchester, U.K.

[3] Augment-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory/Augment.htm.

[4] Seymour Papert-Logo-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory/Logo.htm.

[5] Smith, d. c., 1977. A Computer affairs to Stimulate Creative Thought and archetypal. Basel: Birkhauser.

[6] Examples Page-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/models.htm.

[7] History of End User Programming-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory.htm.

[8] Mayo, e., Steinberg, t., The Power of Information, 2007http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/publications/reports/power_information/power_information.pdf?id=3965 Cabinet Office-An absolute review.

[9] Google, 2007. actualize your assignment and allotment online https://www.google.com/accounts/ManageAccount.

[10] JISC (Joint advice Systems Committee) Technology and Standards Watch. 2007. What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education.

[11] Scaffidi, c., Shaw, m., Myers, b. (2005). Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End-user Programmers, IEEE Symposium on beheld Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC ' 05): 207-214 Dallas, Texas.

[12] Stutt, a. and Motta, e., 2004. Learning Semantic Webs. Journal of alternate Media in Education, 2004 (10). Special Issue onthe Educational Semantic Web. ISSN: 1365-893X-http://www-jime.open.ac.uk/2004/10.

[13] Protégé association Wiki-User Driven Programming-http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?UserDrivenProgramming.

[14] Vanguard Software Modelling Wiki-http://wiki.vanguardsw.com/bin/browse.dsb?dir/Engineering/Aerospace/.

[15] beheld ability [http://www.visualknowledge.com]-Semantic Wiki.

[16], v. Quint, i. Vatton, 2004. Techniques for Authoring Complex XML Documents, DocEng 2004-ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Milwaukee October 28-30-http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.

[17], v. Quint, i. Vatton, 2005. Towards Active Web Clients, DocEng 2005-ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Bristol United Kingdom 2-4November-http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.

[18] Amaya, 2007. Welcome to Amaya-W3C's Editor/Browser http://www.w3.org/Amaya/.

[19] Diederich, j., Nejdl, w., Tolksdorf R, 2006, EASE: The European Association for Education, SemanticWeb 09: 24: SWET2006 Beijing, China.

[20] Jena User Conference 2006, Bristol, UK [http://jena.hpl.hp.com/juc2006/proceedings.html]-Proceedings (2006).

[21] REASE the athenaeum of affluence for learning units [http://ubp.l3s.uni-hannover.de/ubp].

[22] Berners-Lee, t., 1999, Weaving the Web, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0062515861.

[23] Bechhofer, s., Carrol, j., 2004. Owl dl: Parsing into copse or triples?. Proceedings of the 13th all-embracing appointment on the World Wide Web, NY, USA, pp.266-275.

[24] http://dret.net/glossary/sparql-Simple SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language

[25] World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2006. XQuery 1.0: An XML Query accent http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery/.

[26] Bruchez, and 2006. XForms: an addition to Ajax?. XTech 2006: Web 2.0 architecture 16-19 May 2006, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

[27] the Institute for End User accretion http://www.ieuc.org/home.html.

[28] Network of Excellence on End-user Development EUD.Net http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/eud-net.htm.

[29] End Users Shaping Effective Software-(EUSES) http://eusesconsortium.org/.

[30] Resnick, m., 1996. broadcast Constructionism. In: Proceedings of the all-embracing appointment on the Learning Sciences Association for the Advancement of accretion inEducation, Northwestern University-http://llk.media.mit.edu/papers/Distrib-Construc.html.

[31] Papert, s., 1999. What is Logo? And Who Needs it? An essay. UWG's book, Logo Philosophy and Implementation. http://www.microworlds.com/company/philosophy.pdf.

[32] MIT Logos Foundation, 2006. What is Logo? http://el.media.mit.edu/Logo-foundation/logo/index.html.

[33] Simons, c. l. Parmee, c., 2006, acclamation for accommodating animal/apparatus interaction, acquisitive conceptual software design, Advanced Computation in architecture and accommodation Making accumulation Technical address TR091006-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~clsimons/Publications/CooperativeInteraction.pdf.

[34] Cypher, 1993, Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstration, MIT Press,ISBN: 0262032139.

[35] Hale P, http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~phale/Flash/FlashHCI.htm-Spar-timberline based representation.

[36] Hale P, http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~phale/InteractiveSVGExamples.htm-alternate Examples.

[37] Alice [http://www.alice.org/-] Alice v 2.0-amateur to affairs alternate 3D Graphics.

[38] K Cagle, AJAX on the Enterprise, AJAXWorld conference October 4, 2006-http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2006/10/ajax_on_the_enterprise.html.

[39] Huhns M, 2001, Interaction-Oriented Software Development, Journal of Software Engineering and Engineering ability.

[40] Paternò F, 2005, Model-based accoutrement for common usability, Interacting with Computers, Vol 17 (3), pp 291-315.

[41] Johnson, p., 2004. Interactions,Collaborations and breakdowns. ACM all-embracing appointment Proceeding Series; Proceedings of the 3rd anniversary appointment on Task models and diagrams

[42] Crapo A W Waisel L B, Wallace W A Willemain T R, 2002, Visualization and Modelling for Intelligent Systems, Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Vol I Implementation Techniques pp 53-85.

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