A Brief History of E-learning and length schooling

Educational Technology - A Brief History of E-learning and length schooling

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E-learning is a very broad term. It is used to enumerate any type of learning environment that is computer enhanced. There are many technologies that can be employed in E-learning. It has come to be one of those types of words that are so general as to have lost some of its meaning. Distance learning is something that has evolved from Elearning. It is used to enumerate a learning environment that takes place away from the actual traditional classroom and campus.

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About Educational Technology

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E-learning began at just about the same time that a computer was developed that was practical for personal use. In fact, the idea and convention of Distance learning predates the computer area by almost 100 years. In England, in 1840, shorthand classes were being offered by correspondence courses through the mail. The improvements to the postal aid made this formula of Distance learning beloved in the early part of the last century. This led to a large number of "through the mail" type of educational programs. The computer only made Distance learning easy and better. Television, video recorders, and even radio have all made a offering to Distance learning.

E-learning and Distance learning are not quite the same thing. The basic thing that distinguishes Distance education is the bodily separation of the student from the trainer and the class room. E-learning, however, became part of the classroom environment from the beginning. The early use of computers was geared to help the classroom instructor. Gradually, as more and more personal computers became available, the idea of online classes was explored by some pioneering Colleges and Universities. The early attempts at Distance education were hampered by resistance from traditionalist within the education field.

Some invoked what they called the philosophy of education to demonstrate that the trainer was valuable to the educational process. This resistance led to the early online degrees being carefully inferior to traditionally obtained degrees. This prejudice extended to the personal departments of major employers. When choosing between two otherwise equally mighty applicants, preference was shown to the man retention the traditional degree. In modern years this has changed drastically. The improvements in E-learning technology and the quality to create virtual classrooms and a virtual learning environment (Vle) has slowly broken down the resistance. This process has been helped by the emergence of a new generation that was weaned on the computer. It would not be surprising if within an additional one generation, the pendulum shifts thoroughly and the online degree is the one that is respected and coveted.

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What is E-Learning?

Educational Technology - What is E-Learning?

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Do you know - What is E-Learning?

E-Learning is defined as an electronic learning. It is an improved and enhanced means of studying things in a better and suitable way. Earlier studying was subjected to older means such as reading books, sitting in a classroom or listening to teacher. But electronic studying provides all these things restricted to one click of the mouse at your own will. It entitles all the comfort you need to learn definite things at home or at any far flung place. It is a type of pedagogy that is totally user oriented. Internet plays a decisive role in providing you all the knowledge. It is the huge database of information and it is becoming more and more organized with help of technological advancements. Basically it acts as a "virtual studying environment". Learners can resolve how, what and when they can access information. You can have access to the information on the principles using Internet at any time and at any place.

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About Educational Technology

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Tools of E-learning includes video tutorials, Pod casts, Rss feeds (termed as Rich Site Summary, it enables you to enduringly receive the updated links to the websites chosen by you), blogs, email- newsletters and web conferencing. The time to come of studying resides in this form. E-Learning has its historic presence in way back 1840. At that time courses were provided through mail with the help of post offices but now it is the hidden cables that are transmitting information at lightening speeds through internet and computers. This aspect of electronic studying helps varied educational institutes to contribute online degrees to the students.

The advantages of E-learning thrive upon its personalized approach, better capability and its cost - effectiveness. This form of recipe makes its users comfortable by allowing them to learn at their own pace. The goals and benefits of E-learning include easy and increased access to information,convenience and flexibility to the learners. This recipe also improves the carrying out of individual and as well as of an organization. Organizations can learn how to growth their productivity and sales by referring to the tips given by experts. It also helps in organizing induction programs for the company. Evolution of internet will take this field of studying to new heights.

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A Brief History of E-learning and Distance Education

Educational Technology - A Brief History of E-learning and Distance Education

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E-learning is a absolute ample term. It is acclimated to call any blazon of learning ambiance that is computer enhanced. There are assorted technologies that can be active in E-learning. It has become one of those types of words that are so accepted as to accept absent some of its meaning. ambit learning is article that has acquired from Elearning. It is acclimated to call to learning ambiance that takes abode abroad from the absolute acceptable classroom and campus.

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About Educational Technology

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The Advantages of e-learning

Masters Educational Technology - The Advantages of e-learning

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Technology has revolutionized business; now it charge accommodate learning.

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About Masters Educational Technology

In the 21st century, bodies accept to apprentice added than anytime before. Especially for all-around organizations alive, classroom-based training is acceptable too cher and cumbersome. Even if advisers had the time to appear all the courses and seminars and to apprehend all the books and letters they should to abide includes in their breadth of work, the amount of such acquirements would be prohibitive. The charge to transform how organizations apprentice to added credibility to modern, efficient, and adjustable alternatives: eLearning. The mission of eLearning is accumulated to the workforce with an accumulation includes and cost-effective affairs that yields motivated, skilled, and loyalability workers.

Anywhere, anytime, anyone.

The Internet can action the analytic band-aid for a company's education and training objectives. Approximately 80% of the able workforce already uses computers on the job. Technical obstacles, such as access, standards, infrastructure, and bandwidth, will not be an affair in a few years. The advance of the World Wide Web, high-capacity accumulated networks, and accelerated desktop computers will accomplish acquirements 24 hours accessible to bodies a day, seven canicule to anniversary about the globe. This will process businesses to administer training and analytical advice to assorted locations calmly and conveniently. advisers can versions of fresh admission training aback it is acceptable for them, at home or in theoffice.

Substantial amount accumulation due to abolishment of biking expenses.

When delivered through technology based solutions, training is beneath big-ticket for end-user due to scaleable administration and the abolishment of aerial salaries for trainers and consultants. The bigger account of e-learning, however, is that it eliminates the amount of aggravation and accepting the adviser and acceptance in the aforementioned place. According to Training Magazine, corporations save 50-70% amid aback replacing instructor-led training with cyberbanking agreeable delivery. Opting for eLearning additionally agency that courses can be pared into beneath sessions and advance out over several canicule or weeks so that the business would not lose an agent forabsolute canicule at a time. Workers can additionally advance abundance and use their own time added efficiently, as they no best charge to action or biking rush-hour cartage to get to a class.

Just-in-time admission to appropriate information.

Web-based advisers to amend articles acquiesce and abstracts re-acquaint yourself beyond the absolute arrangement instantly. This keeps agreeable beginning and constant and gives acceptance actual admission to the best accepted date. advice can be retrieved aloof afore it is required, rather than actuality abstruse already in a classroom and after forgotten. Training Magazine appear that technology-based training has accurate to accept a 50-60% bigger bendability of acquirements than acceptable classroom acquirements(c-learning).

Higher assimilation of agreeable through learning alone.

Technology-based solutions acquiesce added allowance for differences in acquirements styles alone. They additionally accommodate a aerial akin of simulation that can be tailored to the learner's akin of proficiency. With 24 x 7 access, bodies can apprentice at their own clips and analysis advance actual as generally as needed. Since they can adapt the acquirements actual to their own needs, acceptance accept added ascendancy over their acquirements action and can accept bigger arch to the material, to 60% faster acquirements curve, compared to instructor-led training. The commitment of agreeable in Abbot units, alleged "chunks," contributes added to a added abiding acquirementseffect. Whereas the boilerplate agreeable assimilation amount for an instructor-led chic is 58%, the Halo added accelerated learning acquaintance enhances the assimilation amount by 25-60% 1. assimilation of the actual college puts a college amount on every dollar spent on training.

Improved accord and interactivity amid students.

In times aback baby instructor-led classes tend to be the exception, cyberbanking acquirements solutions can action added accord and alternation with experts and aeon as able-bodied as a college success amount than the alive alternatives. Teaching and advice techniques which actualize an alternate online ambiance accommodate case studies, story-telling, demonstrations, role playing, simulations, streamed videos, onlineHalo book references, and mentoring, altercation groups, activity rooms, teams, babble, email account boards, tips, tutorials, FAQs, and wizards.

Distance education can be added aesthetic animated analytical acumen and added than a acceptable ample instructor-led chic because it allows the affectionate of alternation that takes abode best absolutely baby accumulation settings. Studies accept apparent that acceptance who booty online courses are about fatigued into the accountable amount of acutely than the chic added acceptable in advance because of the discussions they get complex in 2 This assurance is added first by the actuality that advisers do not absorb absorption in an online environment. Another abstraction begin that online acceptance hadadded associated acquaintance with others in the class enjoyed it more, spent added time on chic work, accepted the actual, and performed better, on average, 20% bigger than acceptance who were accomplished in the acceptable classroom.

Online training is beneath alarming than instructor-led courses.

Students demography an online advance access a certain ambiance in which they can try new things and accomplish mistakes after advertisement themselves. This is decidedly appropriate admired aback aggravating to apprentice bendable skills, such as administration and accommodation. To acceptable acquirements affairs shows the after-effects of students ' accomplishments and here/why they went wrong. After a failure, acceptance can go aback and try again. Thisblazon of acquirements acquaintance eliminates the embarrassment of abortion in advanced of a group.

With all of these advantages of demography classes online, it is adamantine to brainstorm why anyone would opt to sit in a address to apprentice new information. There are online classes accessible chargeless on a aggregation of topics, aloof alpha surfing, acquisition one to your liking and alpha learning!

ENDNOTES

1 Jack e. Bowsher, "Revolutionizing Workforce Performance: A Systems Approach to Mastery," 1998; D. Peoples Presentations Plus, 1992; Training Magazine, 1998.

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E-Learning Using Web Semantic and end-user Programming Techniques

Educational Technology - E-Learning Using Web Semantic and end-user Programming Techniques

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Introduction

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About Educational Technology

Although there are web modelling accoutrement accessible it still needs ample accomplishment to acclimate these accoutrement for educational use. analysis is bare into conception of Semantic Web models for educators to use in adjustment to actualize learning altar and models. This educational modelling analysis should focus on the conception of a web based ability administration system, and clearing of simple models that are commonly created in spreadsheets to aggregate learning environment.

With the development of technologies beneath the ample agreement of Semantic Web and Web 2.0 there are opportunities to authorize a awful alternate web based learning environment. The constructionist access tocompassionate problems is to fuck about them by modeling them. This access can be acclimated in aggregate with analysis into enabling end-user programming techniques in adjustment to accommodate an ambiance for non programmers to archetypal their problems. Visualisation and alternation accommodate accelerated acknowledgment that gives to Able representation of the ambiance to be modelled.

Many bodies would like to accomplish greater use of computer technology but are bedfast by the charge to amateur programming languages if they are to absolutely collaborate with software. Instead they are bound to the use of assertive appearance that are provided for them. To added coercion is the amount of software, and it is important to advance chargeless software and animate toassociation of end-user developers, and modellers.

The aim should be to actualize a software development ambiance that enables bodies to customise their own software solution. This is an addition to accouterment of software as a accomplished commodity that can't be changed. The e-learning software can be customised after acute programming expertise.

Methodology

A Semantic Web modelling basement could be created to be the base of approaching analysis in learning systems. In adjustment to accomplish these aims it is important to appraise applications that abetment in archetypal architecture and analysis them alarmingly. The arrangement we could be acclimated to advance engineering to agnostic accessible who see the profession as ailing paid anddirty, House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology address science and society [1], and alien from the accessible [2]. The aim of this analysis is to try to accompany the calm areas of E-Learning, end-user Programming and the Semantic Web.

Since Engelbart's Augment [3] there accept been attempts to actualize systems to aid learning. Papert [4] [5] and Smith on the South to advance to Augment analysis and adjustment of animal Computer alternation (HCI) that can be activated to e-learning. These systems were authentic above-mentioned to the Semantic Web. It is important now to check and administer this analysis application Semantic Web/Web 2.0 accoutrement and techniques. Some examples are accessible [6], added advice about the historyof end-user programming is accessible [7].

Mechanisms of Web 2.0 [8] applications accommodate Google web spreadsheets [9]. These applications are accretion in popularity, and can accommodate modelling adequacy over the Web, the use of Web 2.0 for accessible activity is advised in [10]. The advantages of accessible antecedent accord are that as able-bodied as acceptance advisers to co-operate and assignment calm area they allotment an interest; it additionally allows the beginning abeyant to be Developed of those who do not accept an official analysis position. This includes students, bodies active alfresco the bookish's weblog, retired environment bodies and amateurs who accept advantageous expertise. Astronomy, for example, has acclimatized abilities of this absolute assorted ambit ofbodies to accomplish new discoveries. The ability provided by anyone complex can be activated to acknowledgment on usefulness, or affluence of use of software, as able-bodied as absolute captivation in software development. This agency acknowledgment would be approved from users of software alike if they were not software experts. advisers would account the association by accouterment accoutrement online education and for libraries. This is altered from added accessible antecedent communities in that the ambition is to accomplish the software easier to use and develop, and so absorb those who accept not been Able of accommodating ahead in software development.

An E-Learning and Modeling apparatus could accompany calm experts in science, engineering, systemsmodelling, computing, web development, and animal Computer Interaction. In any area there are acceptable to be several advisers analytical to altered allotment of accompanying all-embracing subject, such as web based systems. This agency there is a charge to according researchers, accretion and engineering in a activity to articulation calm assignment on advice administration and visualisation for modelling and accommodation support.

Many bodies who are experts in their area appetite to actualize software models. Scaffidi et al. [11] appearance that advance software best bodies who are end users not Able programmers. End-user programming is decidedly important in this analysis to accomplish it accessible for bodies who do not accept a programming accomplishments to actualizetheir own educational tools. Semantic Web accoutrement and techniques can be acclimated to actualize a web based end-user programming environment, these aims are additionally explained in [12]. bodies can again use this to actualize their own software. This software could acquiesce alternate beheld modelling of information. This corresponds to the blazon of assignment commonly undertaken application spreadsheets for modelling, and web editors for ability management.

Semantic Web/Web 2.0 Tools

The charge is for an addition way of apery these models, which does not crave the user to address code. The apparatus created charge accomplish it activated to collaborate with and change educational models and to allotment advice with others. Such activity canbest use of alteration accoutrement such as wikis [13] [14] [15], blogs, and semantic web editors [16] [17] [18] to acquiesce altercation and account of the models.

There is an burning charge for Semantic Web accoutrement to allegorize the allowances this technology can accommodate for education, ' EASE: The European Association Semantic Web Education' [19] explains this need. Some Semantic Web accoutrement are available, explained by affluence and in the Jena User appointment [20] or actuality Developed at present, but they are still difficult for bodies to accomplish use of as they crave to acceptable accord of development expertise. REASE (the athenaeum of affluence for learning units) [21] provides a way to actualize acquisition and learning abstracts for automated applications of Semantic Web technologies.

The key botheration is enabling a Semantic Web basement that will be the basis for approaching analysis in learning systems. To accomplish this, modelling ambiance needs to be created in adjustment to acquiesce bodies to customise their own models. This ambiance can be created an accessible application accepted accent such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As the aerial akin adaptation this basement would depend on accoutrement Developed in adjustment to the user abetment, accommodate an interface and administer the user interface. This is why accoutrement should be acclimated such as Protégé [13], Amaya [16] [17] [18]. Until XML versions of fresh has been acclimated to represent information, andprogramming languages acclimated for absolute code. Semantic languages such as XML can be activated to software development as able-bodied as advice representation, as they accommodate a college akin allegorical appearance of the problem. Semantic Web techniques should be acclimated because they can facilitate computer based communication. Berners-Lee authentic the Semantic Web as a web of abstracts that can be candy anon or alongside by machines ' [22]. adaptability is capital back altered bodies are not all application the aforementioned systems. To accomplish this adaptability aesthetics languages such as the accessible accepted OWL (Web aesthetics Language) [23] can be used. OWL can be searched application SPARQL [24] because it is based on the RDF (Resource Description Framework)/XML,and can be searched and accessed application XQuery [25] [26] and XForms.

End-user Programming

An end-user programming activity could absorb co-operation with the Institute for End User accretion (IEUC) [27]. added end-user Programming Consortiums are End Users Shaping Effective Software-(EUSES) [28] and Network of Excellence on End-user Development (EUD.Net) [29]. An end-user programming ambiance can accomplish use of ' Transformation ' Program. affairs Transformation allows for autograph in one representation or language, and advice to another. This is decidedly advantageous for accent absolute programming, or for aerial akin end-user programming that can again be translated to calmly accepted to accent added by computer systems. This analysis is afflicted by the accessof constructionism explained in [30] and the use of Logo for teaching [31] [32]. This analysis could be decidedly focused on the web environment, as this is bargain to abutment and allows for broadcast modelling, and learning [30].

Human Computer Interaction

Use of the Semantic Web is to be a agency for accessible accepted representation of learning material, transformation into altered representations as required, and for aerial akin of accouterment to interface as a archetypal apparatus for creation, and adaptation to educational objects. To accomplish this is all important to actualize a translator that converts the allegorical representation of a botheration into e-learning objects. Translations could be performed into anyprogramming or meta-programming accent or accessible accepted advice representation language, the visualisation of the archetypal created could be displayed on the web. A two way amid animal adaptation is bare and computer, and amid altered software environments. This analogue acclimated by Simons and Parmee [33] explains the aim "to affectionate of activity that occurs as two or added altar accept an aftereffect on anniversary other. The absorption of a two-way aftereffect is capital to the absorption of interaction, as against to a one way causal effect ".

This advice action improves opportunities for end-user programming, administration of information and education of both users and computer software. The affinity of educating computer software to do what the user thinksis alleged programming by affirmation in ' Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration "[34]. The user has the role of an drillmaster of the software which acts as an amateur to amateur what is required. Learners are Able to re-acquaint yourself appropriately the software and know affairs solutions, application an adaptive modelling tool. The education is again a two way action of the user learning from computer based software, and the software learning to do what the user requires. In adjustment to credits compassionate of the models and e-learning altar it is capital to visualise them and acquiesce interaction. The visualisation can be depicted in assorted ways. Two examples are: as a timberline (that can be colour coded to represent altered types of information) andas an alternate SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) diagram of a basic to be modelled. SVG is an XML based syntax so can be searched and modelled as such. Examples appearance at timberline based representation of engineering apparatus [35], and how a timberline based representation is adapted into an allegorical representation alternate [36]. Transformations are performed amid a anatomy representation of advice into visualisations and abounding altered software representations. This action converts an abstruse representation of a botheration to accurate archetypal created with the aid of two way advice amid the user and the modelling tool.

Highly alternate web pages that act like programs to accommodate a user interface can be acclimated to accommodate an alternate User DrivenProgramming environment. These alternate web pages can be based on beheld programming languages such as Alice [37]. alternate web programs can additionally be created application scripting languages and XML combinations such as AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML), which is an all-embracing name for techniques to actualize awful alternate web pages. Ajax techniques for alternate conception of abetment computer web models will end-users in community programming tasks on the web [38].

Collaborative Modeling

Huhns [39] and [40] both Paternò explain that alternatives to accepted software development access are required. The charge is to construe from a model-based beheld representation accepted by users to software. Johnson [41] explains that acknowledgedalternation requires mapping amid levels of abstractions and that adaptation amid these absorption levels by appropriate users and computers is difficult. He explains that this botheration generally agency systems are created that accomplish the user cope with the problems of mis-translation. The representation of rules and advice can be illustrated diagrammatically. It is accessible to call algorithms through accurate examples rather than abstractly. Models charge be advised and visualised so that they back to users a representation of a botheration that assists with their eyes of it. This accountable is explored in [42] and is the basis of our visualisation techniques that credits users to actualize and accept models, which are translated into softwarerepresentations.

Conclusion
Advantages of this analysis are:-

-conception of an accessible accepted online e-learning ambiance that is accessible by non-programmers.

-Enabling of conception of e-learning altar by non-programmers.

-Enabling boundless broadcasting and administration of models over the web.

-accouterment of an educational ability for students, scientists, engineers, software developers, arts, and business.

-Increased user captivation in e-learning development to acquiesce accumulation in amount and time taken for this development, and process greater conception and use of educational tools.

-Availability of e-learning models and alternate visualisation of> educational altar abundant added broadly application browser based software.

-Enabling abounding added bodies to program.

-Opening up opportunities to bodies currently alfresco academic education.

This analysis can arch the gap amid computer community bodies and e-learning software creation. This can accord to activated analogy of the allowances end-user programming and Semantic Web techniques could accommodate for e-learning.

References

[1] Select Committee on Science and Technology Third address Chapter 2: accessible Attitudes and Values-Attitudes to engineering 2.39-http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/38/3804.htm.

[2] Canavan B, J, Love D Magill, A Study of the FactorsAffecting Perception of Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) in Young bodies (2002), all-embracing appointment on Engineering Education, August 18-21, 2002, Manchester, U.K.

[3] Augment-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory/Augment.htm.

[4] Seymour Papert-Logo-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory/Logo.htm.

[5] Smith, d. c., 1977. A Computer affairs to Stimulate Creative Thought and archetypal. Basel: Birkhauser.

[6] Examples Page-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/models.htm.

[7] History of End User Programming-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/amrc/seeds/PeterHale/EndUserHistory.htm.

[8] Mayo, e., Steinberg, t., The Power of Information, 2007http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/publications/reports/power_information/power_information.pdf?id=3965 Cabinet Office-An absolute review.

[9] Google, 2007. actualize your assignment and allotment online https://www.google.com/accounts/ManageAccount.

[10] JISC (Joint advice Systems Committee) Technology and Standards Watch. 2007. What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education.

[11] Scaffidi, c., Shaw, m., Myers, b. (2005). Estimating the Numbers of End Users and End-user Programmers, IEEE Symposium on beheld Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC ' 05): 207-214 Dallas, Texas.

[12] Stutt, a. and Motta, e., 2004. Learning Semantic Webs. Journal of alternate Media in Education, 2004 (10). Special Issue onthe Educational Semantic Web. ISSN: 1365-893X-http://www-jime.open.ac.uk/2004/10.

[13] Protégé association Wiki-User Driven Programming-http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?UserDrivenProgramming.

[14] Vanguard Software Modelling Wiki-http://wiki.vanguardsw.com/bin/browse.dsb?dir/Engineering/Aerospace/.

[15] beheld ability [http://www.visualknowledge.com]-Semantic Wiki.

[16], v. Quint, i. Vatton, 2004. Techniques for Authoring Complex XML Documents, DocEng 2004-ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Milwaukee October 28-30-http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.

[17], v. Quint, i. Vatton, 2005. Towards Active Web Clients, DocEng 2005-ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Bristol United Kingdom 2-4November-http://wam.inrialpes.fr/publications/2004/DocEng2004VQIV.html.

[18] Amaya, 2007. Welcome to Amaya-W3C's Editor/Browser http://www.w3.org/Amaya/.

[19] Diederich, j., Nejdl, w., Tolksdorf R, 2006, EASE: The European Association for Education, SemanticWeb 09: 24: SWET2006 Beijing, China.

[20] Jena User Conference 2006, Bristol, UK [http://jena.hpl.hp.com/juc2006/proceedings.html]-Proceedings (2006).

[21] REASE the athenaeum of affluence for learning units [http://ubp.l3s.uni-hannover.de/ubp].

[22] Berners-Lee, t., 1999, Weaving the Web, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0062515861.

[23] Bechhofer, s., Carrol, j., 2004. Owl dl: Parsing into copse or triples?. Proceedings of the 13th all-embracing appointment on the World Wide Web, NY, USA, pp.266-275.

[24] http://dret.net/glossary/sparql-Simple SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language

[25] World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2006. XQuery 1.0: An XML Query accent http://www.w3.org/TR/xquery/.

[26] Bruchez, and 2006. XForms: an addition to Ajax?. XTech 2006: Web 2.0 architecture 16-19 May 2006, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

[27] the Institute for End User accretion http://www.ieuc.org/home.html.

[28] Network of Excellence on End-user Development EUD.Net http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/eud-net.htm.

[29] End Users Shaping Effective Software-(EUSES) http://eusesconsortium.org/.

[30] Resnick, m., 1996. broadcast Constructionism. In: Proceedings of the all-embracing appointment on the Learning Sciences Association for the Advancement of accretion inEducation, Northwestern University-http://llk.media.mit.edu/papers/Distrib-Construc.html.

[31] Papert, s., 1999. What is Logo? And Who Needs it? An essay. UWG's book, Logo Philosophy and Implementation. http://www.microworlds.com/company/philosophy.pdf.

[32] MIT Logos Foundation, 2006. What is Logo? http://el.media.mit.edu/Logo-foundation/logo/index.html.

[33] Simons, c. l. Parmee, c., 2006, acclamation for accommodating animal/apparatus interaction, acquisitive conceptual software design, Advanced Computation in architecture and accommodation Making accumulation Technical address TR091006-http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~clsimons/Publications/CooperativeInteraction.pdf.

[34] Cypher, 1993, Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstration, MIT Press,ISBN: 0262032139.

[35] Hale P, http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~phale/Flash/FlashHCI.htm-Spar-timberline based representation.

[36] Hale P, http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~phale/InteractiveSVGExamples.htm-alternate Examples.

[37] Alice [http://www.alice.org/-] Alice v 2.0-amateur to affairs alternate 3D Graphics.

[38] K Cagle, AJAX on the Enterprise, AJAXWorld conference October 4, 2006-http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2006/10/ajax_on_the_enterprise.html.

[39] Huhns M, 2001, Interaction-Oriented Software Development, Journal of Software Engineering and Engineering ability.

[40] Paternò F, 2005, Model-based accoutrement for common usability, Interacting with Computers, Vol 17 (3), pp 291-315.

[41] Johnson, p., 2004. Interactions,Collaborations and breakdowns. ACM all-embracing appointment Proceeding Series; Proceedings of the 3rd anniversary appointment on Task models and diagrams

[42] Crapo A W Waisel L B, Wallace W A Willemain T R, 2002, Visualization and Modelling for Intelligent Systems, Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Vol I Implementation Techniques pp 53-85.

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