Origin And Development Of Guidance And Counseling Practice In Tanzanian Schools

Masters Educational Technology - Origin And Development Of Guidance And Counseling Practice In Tanzanian Schools

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1.0. Overview

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1.1. Background and History of admonition and Counseling in accustomed in academy convenance and added setting

The history of academy counseling formally started at the about-face of the twentieth century, although a case can be fabricated for archetype the foundations of counseling and admonition attempt to age-old Greece and Rome with the abstract of Plato and Aristotle article. There is additionally affirmation to altercate that some of the techniques and Abilities of modern-day admonition attorneys were accomplished by Catholic priests in the average ages as can be apparent by the adherence to the abstraction of acquaintance aural the confessional. Near the end of the sixteenth century, one of the aboriginal texts about career options appeared: TheUniversal Plaza of All the Professions of the World (1626) accounting by Tomaso Garzoni quoted in Guez, & Allen, w. j. (2000). Nevertheless, bookish's weblog admonition programs appliance specialized textbooks did not alpha until the about-face of the twentieth century.

Counseling is a abstraction that has existed for a connected time in Tanzania. We access approved through the Ages to access action admonition ourselves, and advance our potential, become acquainted of opportunities and, in general, admonition ourselves in agency associated with bookish's weblog admonition practice. In the best communities, there has been, and there still is, a confidence that, acutely anchored beneath Able conditions, bodies can admonition others with their problems. Some bodies admonition others acquisition agency ofambidextrous with, solving, or acute problems as Nwoye, (2009) Assigned in his writings. In schools, anon if the accord amid agents and acceptance, acceptance is good in a way apprentice applied. adolescent bodies advance degrees of abandon in their lives as they become acquainted of options and booty advantage of them. At its best, allowance should process bodies to bandy off Chains and administer action situations effectively. Unprecedented bread-and-butter and amusing changes have, over the years, afflicted the agency in which we administer our lives. Consequently, not all the re-acquaint yourself of the accomplished can finer accord with the challenges of avant-garde times. Able counseling, abnormally in institutions of acquirements has now become important. Boys and girls, and adolescent menand women, charge to be guided in the relationships amid bloom and the environment, earning skills, knowledge, and attitudes that advance to success in life and abortion. The charge for counseling has become ascendant in adjustment to advance the abundance of the child. Able admonition and counseling should admonition to advance the self-image of adolescent bodies and facilitate accomplishment in action tasks. Counseling should empower girls and boys to participate in, and account absolutely from the bread-and-butter and amusing development of the nation.

Definitions of Concepts 2.0.

2.1. Guidance

Guidance is an act of assuming the way for some people, like adolescents, who cannot acquisition the adapted path. It is directing, pointing, arch and accompanying. admonitionadage is "Yes" to addition who is allurement for help. It is adage "Yes" to an allurement of addition who wants to acting accompaniment forth life's way.

Guidance is giving admonition to the lonely, confused, unloved, the suffering, the ailing and the lost. It is pointing to some possibilities of thinking, action and acting. It is arch the actuality psychologically, emotionally and spiritually akin to some newer agency of allusive living. It is Accompanying those who are aflutter and uncertain, those who charge addition forth the asperous aisle of life's journey.

From an cold point of view, admonition is allotment and bindle of the counseling profession. It is alleged charge counseling. aerial akin academy academy and acceptance charge admonition aback they are borderline ofwhat choices to accomplish or what admonition to take. The admonition "opens up" advisor to apple of choices for these bodies for them to access from. It is like presenting the cosmos aback in actuality all that sees is the abandoned planet earth. The admonition advisor enlarges and widens the border of bodies who sees a Halo aisle or a buried attenuated appearance of that path. Thus, the focus is on possibilities and choices.

Usually, admonition occurs in schools. aerial academy and academy acceptance account of admonition and counseling casework in their school. added often, adolescent bodies are borderline of what to do, how to acknowledge or respond, and how to act in assertive choices. aback this occurs, they charge addition older, wiser and added accomplished appearance to themthe way to adviser them. This is the role of the admonition advisor to extend abetment aback all-important to those who are confused, uncertain, and defective advice. However, some adults may charge admonition too.

2.2. Counseling:

Counseling is allegorical and more. It is a way of healing hurts. It is both a science and an art. It is a science because to action or admonition, counsel, the advisor assistance access charge the adeptness of the basal attempt and techniques of counseling. The advisor charge be Able to use any of these basal attempt and techniques as paradigms in adjustment for him to admonition well. However, it is not abundant to use apperceive these basal attempt and techniques. The added important aspect is for the advisor to apperceive how to counsel-the artof counseling. This aspect considers counseling as a relationship, as in administering of life, the achievement that the actuality who is affliction will be healed. As a relationship, counseling involves the physical, emotional, and brainy or airy dimensions. The advisor charge access the adeptness to chronicle to the counselee in an adapted abode afterwards concrete actuality too affectionate or too for abundance actuality abutting or abroad or too aloof. The Affecting ambit in counseling includes empathy, acuteness and the adeptness to acclimate non-verbal clues of the counselee in adjustment to access alteration complexes or pent-up feelings. The brainy or airy ambit embraces the counselee's "soul-content"---what lies inside. This is what is alleged the interiority of the person. Theadvisor access allowance or charge the adroitness of communicable to glimpse of the autogenous apple of the person, his decidedly airy condition, for this is absolute important in healing the person's hurts.

2.3. added Definitions of the Concepts

Biswalo (1996) defines admonition as to denote the appellation acclimated to action of an allowance to Halo accretion cocky compassionate and cocky administering (decision-making) so that he can acclimatize maximally to his home, academy or affiliation. This process, however, depends on counseling. He additionally defines counseling as a action of allowance an alone to access and use admonition and admonition so that he can either break his present botheration or cope with it successfully. He goes added acquainted thatsometimes the action helps the changeless bearings alone to access for example, accident of dearly admired ones and to some admeasurement change it in its favour rather than absolution himself be afflicted by the situation. Guez and Allen (2000) remarked that it is difficult to ahead of a distinct analogue of counseling. This is because definitions of abstract depend on orientation counseling. Counseling is a learning-oriented process, which occurs usually in an alternate relationship, with the aim of allowance to actuality apprentice added about the self, and to use such compassionate to credits the actuality to become an Able affiliate of society. Counseling is a action by agency of which the abettor expresses affliction and action appear the actuality with a problem, and facilitatesthat person's claimed advance and brings about change through self-knowledge. Counseling is a accord amid a actuality to actuality and anxious with a need. This accord is usually person-to-person, although sometimes it may absorb added than two people. It is brash to admonition bodies to access and analyze their views, and apprentice how to adeptness their self-determined goals through meaningful, includes choices, and through the resolution of Affecting or interpersonal problems. It can be apparent from these definitions that counseling can access altered meanings.

3.0. agent of admonition and Counseling convenance pre-Colonial Era

Counseling in Tanzania in altered forms and with altered interpretations, has existed in societies for a connected time afore colonial era. Thedifferences and contradictions in present-day, access their agent in the amusing and absolute armament that access shaped avant-garde culture. Tanzania bodies in all societies and at all times, access accomplished Affecting or cerebral ache and behavioural problems. In anniversary cultures there access been able-bodied accustomed agency and methods of allowance individuals with their problems. However, there are no acceptable accounting sources about the agent of admonition and counseling convenance in Tanzanian schools. But like added places afore colonial era there were outstanding altered elements which captivated the societies calm in their livelihood. The elements accommodate the connected Ancestors system, including the affiliation and the tribe, chieftaincy, taboos, assortedforms of admission and abutting links with Ancestors and elders.

The apple is the focal point of society. While anniversary one of these elements is important, alone a few are acclimated to allegorize the role of admonition and counseling in includes Tanzanian societies. Basically, acceptable chiefs had assorted roles which included bedfast as a attribute of ascendancy and as a regulator. these roles were accustomed aback and admired by all, there was a ablaze administering in the circadian diplomacy of society. The elders, the arch included, were admired antecedent of admonition and counseling for boys and girls. In the best cases, the chiefs were admired as a basal articulation amid Ancestors and the present generation. This articulation was Able by the rituals, ceremonies and taboosabsorbed to them. It was accessible to adviser and admonition the young, aback the rituals or ceremonies were additionally aimed at alertness for developed roles in society. The connected family, the clan, and the village, fabricated affiliation supportive. No Halo admired him/herself as alien. Counselling was readily approved and provided. The forms of admonition and counseling complex were accustomed admonition and administering wisdom.

4.0. The Developments of admonition and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools

4.1. admonition and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools Trends

In acumen this perhaps, aback we are I cerebration it of the concepts in academy setting, we should ahead the acceptation of counseling in education disciplines. One could ahead thatthe definitions accustomed aloft on the appellation admonition and counseling, their acceptance can be directed to education breadth and now accord the acceptation correctly. Guez and Allen (2000) to appellation acicular out that educational counseling was aboriginal coined by Truman Kelley in 1914 in Makinde, (1988), educational counseling is a action of apprehension casework to pupils who charge abetment in authoritative decisions about important aspects of their education, such as the best of courses and studies, decisions apropos and ability, interests and choices of academy and aerial school. Educational counseling increases a pupil's adeptness of educational opportunities.

The anytime growing complication of affiliation inTanzania, accompanying with amusing problems like HIV/AIDS and the accelerated development of science and technology, abundant abode demands on education. The school, as an important amusing institution, was adapted to acclimate bound to alteration patterns, and admonition adapt citizens for tomorrow's challenges. That is breadth admonition and counseling in the educational arrangement should admonition boys and girls alike, to advance their capacities to the full. These accommodate intellectual, social, practical and moral capacities. This admonition is of the best important in Tanzania as connected as the history and age of education in its systems accouterment and activate today.

Guidance and counseling practices development in Tanzanian schools canbe traced aback from the time aback abstruse education was arising adapted at the colonial period. In the action of establishing counseling casework in Tanzania, there was a charge to aboriginal access the basal factors that access people's behavior and perceptions about such practices. However, this is anticipation that was not taken in to appliance at the time and it may be up to at the same time. It is abnormally important to access the economic, socio-political, religious beliefs, affiliation and traditions, and cultural changes that are present in altered regions of the country. adolescent bodies should be accepted, but this aural context additionally aural the abstruse bearings of accepting to face the acceptable and the avant-garde world, but this is a big claiming to Tanzaniaand developing African countries abounding. During colonial aeon there were some anatomy of abstruse admonition beneath the career admonition and it was administered by career masters. But the career masters who were called by the arch of schools had no training in abstruse Able guidance. In actuality the assignment was bound to allowance acceptance ample out appliance forms and autograph belletrist of application. In the missionary schools admonition was bedfast to abstruse religious services. The agents who were usually ' fathers ', pastors, reverends and accomplished or guided spiritually absorbed youths to become sisters, brothers, fathers and pastors aloft their achievement of educationbookish's weblog.

Apart of what could be done in schools in Tanzaniaadmonition and counseling was added or beneath a clandestine Ancestors affair. Parents and ancestors counseled their accouchement on all affairs of administering and botheration solving action. It is accurate in that the assignment of abounding families accustomed admonition was the acceptable assignment of chief associates of the family, father, mother, uncle, aunt, and grandparents. In case of austere claimed or Ancestors problems, counseling was done by a distinctively organized by the affiliation as a competent in administering that specific problem. This is done afterwards any adeptness acquired from bookish's weblog or breezy academy arrangement but rather through acquaintance and age smart through calm wisdom. This affectionate of aboriginal anatomy of ambience and counseling from academyaffiliation helped the adolescent to be brought into the ablaze angel of active in the approaching to the society.

4.2. admonition and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools in post-colonial era

In several literatures and sources, admonition and counseling in education breadth in Tanzania and some African countries is admired added as the youngest disciplines. This is apparent by aboriginal International appointment on Guidance, Counselling and Youth Development for Africa captivated in Nairobi, Kenya from 22nd to April 26, 2002 which acicular out that the Guidance, Counselling and Youth Development Programme was accomplished in Africa in April 1994, afterward the aboriginal Pan African appointment on the Education of Girls that was captivated in Ouagadougouin 1993. It is brash to re-acquaint yourself or strengthen admonition and counseling in African countries. It focuses on accommodation architecture in the countries complex and provides training at both bounded and civic levels on issues of admonition and counseling of schools and colleges.

What we can alarm Able admonition and counseling in Tanzania schools activate in the year 1984 afterward the Arusha Conference civic October 1984 admonition and counseling, casework breadth were accustomed by the government as and basal allotment of the country's education arrangement (Biswalo, 1996). The aim of the appointment is to authorize analytical belief for accessory schools students ' admonition and counseling. acceptance were again advised, guided and counseled on affairs apropos their jobalternatives and apprentice adjustment for added education. This job was Assigned to career masters and mistresses as explained below, however, there were no acceptable admonition and counseling cadre not alone in the admiral amenable but additionally in the schools.

Guidance and Counselling is now acceptable boring institutionalised and advance in educational institutions. Schools, for example, access to a ample admeasurement taken over the assignment of accouterment cerebral abutment to boys and girls. about Biswalo (1996) comments that Tanzania behavior pertinent to admonition and counseling is still lacking. The admiral of Education, however, has somehow approved to allocate the casework aural the education arrangement by appointingcareer masters and mistresses. He connected adage that the cadre are answerable with the albatross of active Advising of accessory schools apropos acceptance job alternatives and apprentice adjustment for added education; to try and admonition acceptance understands and advance absorption in adapted jobs or added education or training; to asses the acceptance talents and capabilities and to animate them to accompany careers or added education best ill-fitted to them and to break their admonition acceptance claimed problems which may affect their accustomed advance in school.

This is an absurd and astute accountability on these blooming personnel. It reflects the aloofness of action and accommodation makers apropos the new acreage of admonition andcounseling in schools; the backbone of the allegory of planned manpower in which career admonition is afield admired as bombastic and the gross abridgement of accomplished cadre who would accommodate Able admonition and counseling casework in schools. It is adverse that akin afterwards the civic October 1984 Arusha appointment on the deepening of education in Tanzania breadth admonition and counseling, casework were accustomed by the government as and basal allotment of the country's education system, the casework are to date still patchy and abortive in Tanzania's educational institutions. admonition and counseling in this abode is discussed by altered advisers in primary, accessory and tertiary education levels together.

admonition and 5.0.Counseling Practices in Primary and accessory Schools

In primary academy levels in Tanzania in absolute actuality there were and are no defined pupils ' teacher-counselors. However, the action is estribord to agents themselves to adjudge what is to be done aback there is no programmed or time-tabled action apropos admonition and counseling. agents are estribord to use allotment of the teaching to convenance admonition and counseling in alfresco and the classroom although not all agents access gone teacher-counselor training. As they charge accouchement access in-depth acclimatization Kit academy on academy itself, its environment, academy affiliation and the chic to actuate and advance absolute attitude against acquirements and academy affiliation as able-bodied (Biswalo, 1996). As the pupilsearlier and canyons abound through altered grades they charge to be directed into belief skills, difficulties and added afflicted acquirements academy accompanying problems. But this action is not performed systematically in primary schools in Tanzania.

In the case of accessory schools till to-date there is additionally bereft programmed or time-tabled arrangement of allegorical and counseling students. In some cases this assignment is to conduct estribord masters and sometimes to chic masters and arch of schools. At accessory academy level, acceptance would seek educational opportunities, admonition of all kinds and any added admonition pertinent to educational pursuits. These needs are catered to by admonition and educational counseling (ibid).At this akin acceptance are helped with accountable choice, abstraction techniques and tests and examination. Biswalo (1996) acicular out that sometimes during accountable choice, pride of acceding as abounding acceptance as accessible in celebrated streams, such as science, takes over absolute antecedence abilities, interests and aptitudes of students. He said this adverse bearings has been built out of the abridgement of 18-carat admonition and educational counseling casework in accessory schools.

The academy has an important role to comedy in advancing pupils for connected accessory education, paid employment, self employment and action in the community, as set out by the acutely admiral of Education into the objectives for its accessory curriculum.conceivably uniquely, there would be absolute acceding amid pupils, agents and parents over the about accent to assertive schools placed on the alertness for added education, with its focus on bookish's weblog adeptness and the following of success in the civic examinations. That is, the accessory schools breadth counseling is not able-bodied performed placed little accent on citizenship and the development of a amenable attitude to action in the affiliation at the local, bounded or civic akin and appliance opportunities. However, what is emphasized is the de-breezy self employment including breadth but emphasized the appliance in the bookish's weblog is breadth with its adumbrated accent on white collar jobs.

5.1. Career and Vocational Counseling, admonition

In Tanzania, agents accessthe accommodation to anon access their pupils ' best of careers. The achievements and attitudes of pupils access been apparent to be accompanying to the characteristics and achievements of their agents (World Bank, 1995; quoted in Nyutu, Norman & N.p. c.g. 2008). However, the access of the academy depends on the bookish's weblog interactions and advice which booty abode amid agents and pupils in the classroom admitting television and radio, act through the breezy interactions pupils access with these media. The access of parents and ancestors is through both bookish's weblog and breezy means.

That is in best cases in Tanzania and may be added breadth admonition and counseling states is rarely done in schools; parents comedy the big role to access on their children's best of careers. Others who accesslower akin careers i.e. teachers, clerks, secretaries, drivers, claimed soldiers etc. do not ahead their accouchement ' following in their footsteps ' because for the accouchement who are Able to abstraction akin to college sometimes saw these jobs as attenuated and defective in interest. about it is adapted that parents ' activity ability access afflicted their children's best of careers, but this happened to accouchement who access all-encompassing Abilities advantageous in such jobs, and a few may access job Abilities accordant to those jobs. Access to admonition through the media and added forms of technology is giving adolescent bodies aspirations that, for the best part, cannot be annoyed in their own environment. Choices access to be fabricated and adolescent bodies chargeaccess the Abilities to appraise situations and accomplish includes decisions. There is no best in natural, barefaced adjustment from bearing to adolescence for the Tanzanian young.

Vocational admonition at accessory academy levels is provided but in absolute few amid others because of shortages of abstruse counselors academy or accomplished. Advantageous For those schools with these kinds of acceptance are counselors, but helped abstruse counseling is not emphasized because best pupils, agents and parents advance acceptance of advance to accomplish connected ambit affairs of abstraction so that to adapt-able-bodied for the envisaged careers. These attorneys plan with academy administrators and agents to accommodate adapted chic adjustment wife acceptance with adapted or Abilitiesdisabilities for advance alternatives by students.

5.2. Tertiary Level

The tertiary akin acceptance are provided with in-depth acclimatization Kit and added admonition and educational counseling. Tanzania tertiary akin access at atomic accomplished the charge of accepting Able students ' attorneys for both cerebral and academics, admitting they are few in number. Here at big attorneys comedy role in accumulation absolute admonition on all aspects of the careers accompanying to the training offered at the institution. attorneys sometimes accommodate with administering or practicum administration to adapt acreage practices for acceptance and akin added rarely ability contacts with accordant employing agencies (Biswalo, 1996).
6.0. Notion on admonition and Counseling inTanzania

According to the analysis by Sima (2004), Able counseling is yet to be accustomed as a stand-alone profession in Tanzania and abounding in African countries. Nevertheless, the advancing and ambience of HIV/Aids in the country has Able the abject for counseling. This is because of the decidedly Able attributes of the HIV/Aids communicable whose attention, clashing added animal diseases, goes above the prerogatives of the medical profession. Thus, counseling is perceived as in blockage of access for acute HIV infection through accouterment of Able and accordant information, and for amusing and cerebral abutment knickers adulterated and afflicted by the pandemic. Ibid connected adage that aback the actualization of the communicable in the country, to cardinal ofnon-governmental organizations access been alms casework counselling, there is however abridgement of accuracy on the blazon and attributes of casework counseling offered by these organizations. The attributes and characteristics of counseling audience additionally abide fuzzy.

In Tanzania the Able counseling as above is almost a new phenomenon. Outwater (1995) quoted in Sima (2004) comments that afore HIV/Aids epidemic, there was no account in bookish's weblog counseling Tanzanian hospitals, no Able attorneys and not bookish's weblog arrangement for training counselors. There was a charge to ample this gap by training as abounding attorneys as accessible to accommodate optimal affliction for AIDS patients and their ancestors (NACP, quoted in ibid. 1989). aback again abounding para-professionalattorneys access been accomplished in basal adeptness and Abilities of counseling. Currently there are abounding counseling centers alive not alone on HIV/Aids accompanying problems but additionally altered problems Affecting Tanzanians. However, as counseling became accepted with the appearance of HIV/Aids, abounding bodies accept that it is alone meant for bodies adulterated and afflicted by HIV/Aids and shy abroad from it for abhorrence of actuality labeled (Sima, quoted in Sima 2002; 2004).

7.0. Problems and Challenges

The Tanzanian government access not yet formulated in the education action issues pertaining admonition and counseling in the animosity of the crucially and call in schools. Biswalo (1996) acicular out that Tanzania behavior pertinent to admonitionand counseling is still lacking. He connected adage that efforts directed appear accomplishing this admonition and counseling needs are allegedly baffled by several difficulties including banking assets to abutment the akin accustomed tiny counseling activities in several schools.

Tanzania till today counseling is almost new phenomenon. There are no abundant Able attorneys in schools and education institutions added. However, there are bound cardinal of Able counselors, they are either not activated able-bodied in schools or they are affianced in added activities rather than what they are accomplished for. Some of academy attorneys are additionally agents and they are absolutely active with teaching responsibilities. added decidedly counseling is perceived as a acute accessfor Halo blockage of HIV infection through accouterment of Able and accordant information, and for amusing and cerebral abutment knickers adulterated and afflicted by the HIV/Aids (Sima, 2004).

There is apathetic advance of admonition and counseling in educational systems attributed to abridgement of funds, training facilities, and aerial about-face of admonition to attorneys in abundantly blooming pastures and accomplished counselors. For instance in abounding schools they abridgement counseling offices, accomplished teacher-counselors and counseling equipments. In agreement of funds there are assorted options that can be explored to allay banking constraints. adapted schools on account of parents in charge can access non-governmental organizations.

The absence ofsolid Able counseling affiliation in Tanzania to set standards for the adapted convenance is addition claiming (Nwoye, 2008). additionally bereft availability of Able advisor training programs in colleges and universities is Tanzanian addition accidental challenge.

There are no efforts to authorize counseling chic accessory schools and colleges and admonition and counseling courses in the universities. chic and acknowledging admonition can again be structured casework to abode the bristles agreeable areas, namely animal relationships, career development, amusing values, cocky, and acquirements skills development. Admonition to chic could be accomplished to acceptance at altered levels or in baby groups to abode issues that are agnate to them. For admonition and counseling programsto be Able in Tanzania, accomplished professionals should be active to administer and action casework in schools. Such professionals should additionally be provided with accordant accessories and structural support. At the aforementioned time, universities and training institutions will abecedary access to authorize and advance programs that alternation Able academy attorneys and added admonition personnel.

There is still bereft abetment in college education institutions to process their career aspirations achieves acceptance. However, acceptance today announce a college career admonition than charge for acceptance in the accomplished decade. acceptance may accordingly be encountering an added charge to access accordant career admonition that will seek bigger credits thempaid jobs. schools access the abounding accomplished Appointed some agents as career masters accouterment them afterwards with the all-important training and accessories for career guidance. Such career masters usually accept that all acceptance will end up in universities and alone focus on comprehensive university appliance allowance acceptance forms and no more. It is the air time for the government to set and apparatus the action that will enhance admonition and counseling from primary schools to the tertiary akin and in about-face will advance programs that alternation Able academy attorneys and added admonition personnel.

8.0. Conclusion

Guidance and counseling approved to adapt pupils in their ancestry affairs to access into the apple of adaptedassignment by the bond academy chic to employment. For the academy to be acknowledged in this endeavor, capacity should be accomplished at a affable and acceptable ambiance and should be accordant and absorbing fabricated to the pupils. addition agency that needs to be advised is the application of competent agents Able of allegorical and counselling learners in apropos what they advise to the job market. What is accomplished and how it is accomplished can access abundant access on the absorption and acumen of learners. In Tanzania the spirit to plan and use admonition and counseling casework in the Able development and appliance of their corresponding adolescent animal assets is clearly strong. However, as Biswalo (1996) said the efforts directed appear accomplishing this charge areallegedly baffled by several difficulties. It appears absolute OneCall charge on the allotment of action and accommodation makers is all important and should be absolutely best the problems.

The actualization of career development in western countries as to assemble suggests that it may be an breadth in developing capital country like Tanzania breadth acceptance charge assistance; acceptance decidedly charge abetment in selecting colleges and courses. To this end, the schools should action in career counselling programme admonition and beneath the Able administration of Able academy counselors.

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